A bachelor's degree in China is a four-year commitment, five for architecture and six for medicine, and it is the level where teaching is least likely to be in English. The English-taught undergraduate catalogue exists — business, computer science, electronics and a handful of engineering programmes — but it is a fraction of what is available in Chinese, and the further you go from business and computing, the thinner it gets.

This is also the level where the age rule bites hardest: the government scholarship caps bachelor's applicants at 25, and provincial schemes usually mirror it. If you are 24 and considering a four-year degree, the funding question is effectively decided before you write anything.

The practical consequence is that a language year in front of the degree is normal here rather than exceptional. Students who arrive at HSK 4 and start a Chinese-taught bachelor's do better than those who spend the first year of the degree catching up on vocabulary.